Progressivism Between The Ideals Of Social Justice And The...

1. Discuss the tensions within progressivism between the ideals of social justice and the urge for social control. What concrete achievements are associated with each wing of the movement? What were the driving forces behind them? Progressives not only focused on improving quality of life for its citizens, but also on controlling certain aspects of the legal system. For instance, educated middle class women fought for better recognitions of women’s achievement, and they focused on improving health, education, ending child labor, and fixing working conditions. Florence Kelly, who pushed for an 8-hour workday for women and restricted child labor for children less than 14 years of age, made progress in Illinois. Other institutions, like the Hull House Settlement and Henry Street Settlement, were established to help the less fortune move up and improve conditions. On the contrary, Progressives focused on social control as well. They believed in regulating immigration with a tighte r national security and supported more business like methods. Despite the fact that Progressivism occurred across all classes, regions, and races, it was united by several themes. Some of the unifying sources were the anger created by urban growth and capitalism, hatred for social Darwinism, and the idea that everyone should cooperate in order to generate improvements and movements. 2. Describe the different manifestations of progressivism at the local, state, and national levels. To what extent did

Economic Liberalization Of China s Fiscal System

During its economic liberalization in the late 1990s, China restructured its fiscal system, shifting the civic spending burden from the central government to provincial authorities. By 2015, 85 percent of national expenditures occurred at the local level. As China’s economic emergence sped modernization, the central government asked provincial leaders to grow their localities, maintain social stability, and provide for workers, all while taking on the spending onus themselves. This implausible list of demands forced local leaders to choose between emphasizing rapid growth through business investment or growing at a pace that did not leave any citizens behind. The subject of The Transition Period, Gushi County Party Secretary Guo Yongchang,†¦show more content†¦Local government debts amounted to $3.1 trillion in 2013, â€Å"more than a third of the size of the entire economy.† This increased spending created a positive feedback loop by pitting local officials ag ainst each other: Municipalities sought to outspend their neighbors, willingly accruing debt in order to compete in the modernization race. This system clearly influenced Guo’s Gushi where â€Å"working hard to develop and catch up† is the goal. While elements of this system are problematic, spending on development is positive on the whole. Due to development, â€Å"sleepy rural towns† have â€Å"transformed into major cities,† leading to a â€Å"growing Chinese middle class† of white-collar urban workers. Although economic growth has widened income inequality, it has â€Å"raised the living standards of most of the population dramatically† and lifted more than 500 million Chinese citizens out of poverty. Additionally, some economists believe that development may lead to equality in the long term. They propose that China’s development follows a Kuznets curve whereby â€Å"growth results in relatively more inequality in the initial st ages of economic development, and greater equality at advanced stages.† Accordingly, Guo is not purely seeking personal renown in promoting development, but following an economic plan with the potential to help all sects of society in the long term. While Guo personally boasts â€Å"that he constructedShow MoreRelatedChinas Economy And Its Worst Economic Slow Down1093 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The article I chose describes how the Chinese economy copes with its worst economic slow down in 25 years. The article said that the recent figure shows that growth has slowed sharply and deflation set in. The property market has dropped drastically and factory production is at its weakest point science the 2008 global crisis. In the first three months of 2015, GDP grew at only 7% year-on-year, which is pretty small compared to the â€Å"usual† 9% growth. Growth for 2015 will probablyRead MoreIndia s Foreign Direct Investments1708 Words   |  7 Pagesoperations for corporations due to several important factors: Its young, well-educated low cost labor (Median age 27, according to the World Fact Book, CIA), the gradual economic liberalization and industry deregulation and their several technical skills are only to mention a few of the characteristics that make, along with China and certain other rising Asian nations, serious candidates for hosting big corporation’s for eign direct investments (Ranker, 2014). But India has had to come a long way toRead MoreThe Three Areas of Globalization954 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies, it went from size medium to size small. And then around 2000 came Globalization 3.0, in which the world went from being small to tiny.† It is not something one can pin point and define as a formal structure of the current international system. Globalization is a notion of the growing interconnectedness of the world categorized into three forms, cultural, political and economical globalization. Much like the quote by Thomas Friedman, globalization gives the conviction of the world beingRead MoreIndus Valley Civilization Seals Found In Mesopotamia, Suggest1444 Words   |  6 Pagesby, but an ideal trade system to truly benefit everyone is not yet developed. During the colonial era, the European countries exploited labor and resources from the colonies while propagating global trade. Post the World War II, the developed nat ions, helped by the GATT and later by WTO, continued to encourage free world trade. Until the 1990s, free world trade had evidently supported the economic growth of developed countries as well as developing nations. Today, the economic growth rate of developingRead MoreComparing Andrei Shleifer, Amartya Sen, And Jean Dreze1493 Words   |  6 Pages Andrei Shleifer, Amartya Sen, and Jean Drà ¨ze all try to understand what makes countries rich and what makes them poor. Shleifer thinks that what makes a country rich, and subsequently its people rich, is the free market and the economic success that follows it. Alternately, Drà ¨ze and Sen believe that what makes a country rich, a whole country with its entire population, is state intervention and regulation of the economy. This differing on opinion is the fundamental difference in the work by ShleiferRead MoreOpen Economy vs. Closed Economy1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe omnipresent trend at the international scale is that of globali zation and market liberalization. The phenomena are generally understood as the lifting of the territorial boundaries between the states and the liberalization of the circulation of goods, services, people, cultures and so on. In other words, more and more emphasis is being placed on the creation of open economies, which function based on economic principles and lack of governmental interference. They are regulated within the internationalRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Indian Economy1572 Words   |  7 PagesCountries around the world have closer over past few decades due to growing integration between economies. The main cause behind this growth has been globalization. There can be various definitions of globalization according to different aspects like economic activities, political, technological, cultural interactions. It brings the countries closer to each other and make them more interrelated through providing unrestrained trade and financial exchange. The process of globalisation not only includesRead MoreBrics ( Brazil, Russia, India, China, And South Africa1546 Words   |  7 PagesBRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) nations are emerging as global powers in international business. The term BRICS was first coined by Wilson Purushothaman (2003) in a paper published by Goldman Sachs. This paper was the first to forecast the economic potential of the BRICS nations. Today these BRICS nations are referred as emerging economies or emerging markets despite most of these nations already ranking in the world’s top 10 economies. Economic forecasting projects that theseRead MoreThe Global Political Economy : A Washington Consensus A New Paradigm For Development1354 Words   |  6 Pagesare most likely to promote the development of the poorest countries in the world, it is this: there is no consensus except that the Washington Consensus did not provide the answer. (Stiglitz 2004, 2) Introduction (250) Within the Global Political economic, there have been a number of considerations about whether or not the Washington consensus and the â€Å"Post-Washington Consensus† (Stiglitz, 1998; 2004) approach to development are fundamentally different. Critics within the International Monitory FundRead MoreThe Reasons for Global Inequality1428 Words   |  6 Pagesconcern across many subjects and specifically that of economics. The industrial revolution and globalization are great catalysts to why some nations are so rich and others so poor as they allowed for competition and specialization. There are many other factors as to why certain nations are poor and others rich, arguably historical reasons, structural reasons, abundance of resources and fops, lack of diversification, political issues and systems, geographical issues and topology and the controversy

The Four Major Types of Firm in the U.S. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1647 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? What are the four major types of firm in the U.S, how are they defined, and what are the key differences between them? In sole proprietorships, the business is owned by a single owner. In partnerships, business is owned and run by more than one owner. In a limited liability company, partners own the company but have limited liability. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Four Major Types of Firm in the U.S." essay for you Create order Apart from these three firms, the corporation is a legal entity, separate from the owners, and is solely responsible for the ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own obligations but not the employees or the customers whereas in the other three organizational forms, owners are not different from the business and for any other obligations, they themselves are responsible. Ch. 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1P Corportations Advantages: In corporation, there is no limitation on owning the shares of the stock The Corporation provides free and anonymous trading system Corporation gives rising capital very easily than other firm types Sole Proprietorships Partnerships Limited Liability Companies: A limited liability company is the form of corporate structure which has the element of partnership with limited liability. Limitited liability to the owners to the extent of their share in the business, if anything happens which is not expected then the owners liability will not pass to their own assets. The limited liability company is a limited partnership without general partner. The members have limited liability, but the business can run by them as managing members. It is a business organization that has some of the apects of a corporation with those of a sole proprietorship. The meaning of Limited Liability in a corporate context is that the liability faced by the owners is limited. That means, in a limited liability partnership, the firm could not have a right to use the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal property to pay off outstanding debts. The owners have limited liablility based on their investment and the maximum liability owners have is their investment in the company. How can corporate bankruptcy be viewed as a change in firm ownership? Describe why a corporation would want to file for bankruptcy as well as the benefits and drawbacks of such a decision. Ch1.2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 3CC A corporation gathers its preliminary funds by selling its stocks. The owners who aquire these shares are called the shareholders or equity holders. In the porecess of expansion or acquisitions, a corporation often borrows funds from outsiders. In such cases, the debtors become the investors in the firm. However, the ownership of the corporation rests with the equity holders. In case of its inability to pay back the funds to its debtors, a firm may file for bankruptcy. Bankruptcy does not necessarily bring about a closure to the existing businesses of a corporation. It reflects the inability of the firm to satisfy the claims of the people from whom the funds were borrowed. Upon being declared as bankrupt, the ownership and control of the corporation passes on from the equity holders to the debt holders who become the decision makers of its future course of action. List the four major financial statements required by the SEC for publicly traded firms, define each and explain why they are valuable. Four basic financial statement: 1. Balance Sheet. 2. Income statement. 3. Satement of retained earnings. 4. Statement of cash flows. Praimary purpose of preparinf the basic financial statement: 1. Balance Sheet: It shows the financial health of an entity. The praimary purpose of preparing Balance Sheet is to report the financial position of an entity at the end of a particular period. It includes the assets, liability, and equity of the company. 2.Income statement: The praimary purpose of income statement is to report the net income or the net loss of the entity. The net income or net loss is calculated by matching the expenses with the revenue. 3. Statement of retained earnings: The purpose of preparing retained earnings statement is to identify the effect of net income and distribution of dividend on the financial position of the company. 4. Satement of cash flows: The purpose of preparing satement of cash flows is to identify the inflow and outflow of cash for a partcular period. It catagorises the total activity in to operating, financing, and investing activities. It shows the net cash generated or used in each activitirs. Important financial statement: All the four basisc financial stsement is important for an enterprise, because all the four statement reflects the financial highlights of the company. But as the investment is concerned the income statement, and Balance sheet are the most important financial statement of the company. Because, the income statement shows the profitability of the entity, and the Balance Sheet shows the financial health of the company. An investor while investing in a company praimarily wants to know the profitabilty and the financial stability of the commpany. On itsbalance sheet,Maxidrive overstated the economic resources it owned and understated its debts to others. On itsincome statement,Maxidrive overstated its ability to sell goods for more than the cost to produce and sell them. On itsstatement of retained earnings,Maxidrive overstated the amount of income it reinvested in the company for future growth. On itsstatement of cash flows,Maxidrive overstated its ability to generate from sales of disk drives the cash necessary to meet its current debts. Define what is included in a management discussion and analysis section of a financial statement (that cannot be found elsewhere) Ch2.7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2CC Financial Statements (issued by a firm usually quarterly and annually) are accounting reports that present past performance information to provide a snapshot of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets. In the US the public companies are required to file their financial statements with the US securities and Exchanges. Companies provide extensive notes with additional details on the information provided in the statements in addition to the four financial statements i.e. Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement, Income Statement, and Income Statement. The information that the notes to the financial statements are: They provide information related to a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subsidiaries or its separate product lines. They show the detail of different types of debt the firm has outstanding and firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock-based compensation plans for the employees. The notes are also contain the details of acquisitions, spin-offs, leases, taxes, and risk management activities. Off-balance sheet transactions do not appear on the balance sheet or the transactions or arrangements but they can have a material impact on a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s future performance. The off-balance sheet transactions are disclosed as part of the managerial decision and analysis (MDA). Managerial Decision and Analysis is a state of the financial statement in which the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management discusses about the recent year or quarter, taking into consideration about the significant events that have occurred and the company. Management must also discuss the coming year, and outline goals and new projects Thus, the off-balance sheet transactions appear in Management Decision and Analysis in a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statement and cannot be found elsewhere. 5 Discuss the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in wake of the financial reporting misdeeds of Enron and WorldCom. Compare and contrast the two companies, why they were caught, and how policies have changed for companies today. You can use examples of other companies to help in your discussion. Ch2.8 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1CC 2CC Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) legislation was passed by congress in 2002, intended to improve the accuracy of financial information provided to both boards and to shareholders. This act was passed because of the numbers of scandals faced before. For Example: Problems at Enron and elsewhere kept hidden from boards and shareholders. After all these scandals many people felt that accounting statement of these companies, did not present an accurate picture of the financial health of a company, while often remaining true to the letter of GAAP. WorldCom executives effectively fudged the companys accounting numbers, inflating the companys assets by around $12 billion dollars. The swift bankruptcy that followed led to massive losses for investors The mark-to-market practice led to schemes that were designed to hide the losses and make the company appear to be more profitable than it really was. In order to cope with the mounting losses, Andrew Fa stow, a rising star who was promoted to CFO in 1998, came up with a devious plan to make the company appear to be in great shape, despite the fact that many of its subsidiaries were losing money. That scheme was achieved through the use of special purpose entities (SPE). An SPE could be used to hide any assets that were losing money or business ventures that had gone under; this would keep the failed assets off of the companys books. In return, the company would issue to the investors of the SPE, shares of Enrons common stock, to compensate them for the losses. Sarbanes-Oxley Act attempted to do this in three ways: By offering incentives and independence in the auditing process: The duty of the accounting firm is to ensure that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statements accurately reflect the financial state of the firm but if an audit team refuses to accommodate the request by a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management than that client will not choose the same accounting firm again for its next contract. SOX addresses this concern by placing strict limits on the amount of non-audit fees (consulting or otherwise) that an accounting firm can earn from the same firm that it audits. By suffering penalties for providing false information: Sox also put the criminal penalties on providing the false information to the shareholders i.e. $5 million and inprisionment of a maximum of 20 year. So, it is for both the CEO and CFO to personally attest to the accuracy of the financial statements presented to the shareholders and to sign a statement to that effect. Finally, Section 404 of SOX requires senior management and the boards of public companies to attest to the effectiveness and validity with the process through which functions are allocated and controlled, and outcomes monitored through the firm.

Steven Spielberg Essay - 726 Words

Steven Spielberg nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As a kid in Phoenix, Steven Spielberg charged admission to his home movies while his sister sold popcorn. Although Spielberg excelled at making movies he was not a good student. He hated school and was one of the most unathletic students there. His movie making career began at the age of twelve when his father bought a movie camera that Spielberg used all the time. Instead of doing his school work he was using the camera. While he was working with his mom and sister on his projects, his father helped him make miniature sets out of paper mache.He turned out his first production, with script and actors, when he was thirteen, and a year later he won a prize for a forty minute war movie titled†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;However, he followed Close Encounters with the disastrous Movie, 1941, which was his first attempt at comedy and his first true failure. He didnt take long to regain his form, both commercially and artistically. Teaming up with his pal George Lucas (whose Star Wars came out the same year as Close Encounters, and made even more money), Spielberg created an action-adventure picture based on the old continuing stories, better known as serials, that they both loved as kids. Called Raiders of the Lost Ark and detailing the adventures of an archaeologist named Indiana Jones, it earned him another Best Director nomination and made a ton of money at the box office. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A year later, Spielberg surpassed not only himself but Lucass Star Wars--his E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial was one of the biggest domestic moneymakers of all time. Further profiting as a producer of other directors hits (including Poltergeist and Back to the Future), Spielberg became one of the richest men in Hollywood. In 1984, he created his own independent company, Amblin Entertainment, and the following year, reacting to criticism that he couldnt make an adult picture, he attempted The Color Purple. Criticized for sentimentalizing the material, he was publicly embarrassed when the film pulled down eleven Oscar nominations, but not one for its direction. In a goodwill gesture, though, the Academy came through forShow MoreRelated Steven Spielberg Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesSteven Spielberg It is hard to imagine a person who has not heard of Steven Spielberg. He is one of the most renown, if not the most renown, American filmmakers of the century. His films have captivated and helped develop imaginations of contemporary society and remain among the most successful films ever made. Spielberg was born in Cincinnati on December 18th, 1946. His father was an electrical engineer, and his mother a concert pianist. Steven seemed to get the best elements from bothRead MoreThe Wallpaper Of Purple By Steven Spielberg1426 Words   |  6 Pagesmovie that jumpstarted Steven Spielberg’s career in the film industry, then The Color Purple was the movie that was able to distinguish Steven from any other movie director during the time. All of Spielberg’s movies prior to 1985 were generally movies of either action packed adventure or unnerving horror, but once Steven Spielberg announced that he would be doing a movie based on Alice Walker’s book, The Color of Purple, no one knew what to expect. Jump 31 years later, Steven Spielberg’s The ColorRead MoreA Brief Look at Steven Spielberg1726 Words   |  7 PagesSteven Allan Spielberg is known worldwide as a screenwriter, producer and one of Americas most successful filmmakers. His 20 highest-grossing films grossed 8.45 billion. He is a three-time winner of the Oscar Award, twice as the best director of the year. Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati (Ohio, USA), the son of a Jewish family engineer Arnold Spielberg and professional pianist Leah Adler (nee Posner).The mother had to give up the idea of her career for education of four childrenRead MoreSchindlers List by Steven Spielberg746 Words   |  3 PagesGood morning/afternoon, today I will be analysing a scene from Steven Spielberg’s master piece film Schindler’s List. Movie extraordinaire Steven Spielberg, who is a world renown director of countless memorable films, show cases his incredible skill and compelling power towards the audience, without using any dialogue in the most pivotal character development scene in Schindler’s List. Referred too, by the audience as ‘The girl in red’. Before I delve in to the depths of this scene and why it isRead MoreThe Lost Boy By Steven Spielberg2074 Words   |  9 Pages There is no flowing current throughout Spielberg’s filmography quite like the Lost Boy; the ultimate lost boy being Steven Spielberg himself. As a result of moving often in his formidable years, he was always the new kid. His father, who he described as a workaholic, was often absent. The absence only grew after his parents divorced. Considered a nerd by many of his classmates, even called ‘Spielbug’ behind his back, he found solace in the world of film. In 1958, to satisfy the quest for a meritRead MoreThe Acclaimed Director Steven Spielberg545 Words   |  2 PagesSteven Spielberg Steven Spielberg over the years has become one of the world’s most acclaimed directors, some of his more famous films, such Jaws, E.T, and Jurassic Park, broke the current box office records that were set at the time. But the path to successes was not always easy for him. In 1946, Spielberg began his life in the Ohio city of Cincinnati. He was born into a Jewish family, and moved to New Jersey, and Arizona in the process of his childhood. In his early teens he began making armatureRead MoreSteven Spielberg s Film Jaws2274 Words   |  10 PagesSteven Spielberg’s film â€Å"JAWS† (1975), (Spielberg/Universal), uses the motif of an essentially unseen shark, ominously present through unpredictable displays of terrifying violence, to sculpt a message about good, evil, power, arrogance, and vanity within the hegemony of small-town middle class America. Spielberg markets this â€Å"High Concept† (Cook 40), film and its nationalist ideals on a story that is principally based on one image, the shark, and the fallibility of the human decision making processRead More Steven Spielberg Biography Essay example2581 Words   |  11 PagesSteven Spielberg Biography Steven Spielberg: Revolutionary and Visionary Who would have thought that a brilliant career in filmmaking could have originated with a modest jar of Skippy Peanut Butter smeared on a neighbor’s window in a tiny Cincinnati suburb? One might not think that such an average boyhood prank could evolve a boy into a man who would become the most financially successful film director in history. Well, that is exactly where Leah Spielberg, Steven Spielberg’s motherRead MoreSteven Spielberg : Postmodern Auteur And Constructor1812 Words   |  8 PagesJessica Tang CTCS469 Professor Casper 18 October 2017 Steven Spielberg: Postmodern Auteur and Constructor In a 1977 interview with Steven Spielberg, the young filmmaker mused, â€Å"I think in a way I’m two different people; my instincts always commandeer my sensibilities, or my intellect is always beaten down by my instincts† (36). Spielberg’s prognosis is accurate – Spielberg’s creative instincts and business sensibilities balance each other, laying the foreground for his present prominence as bothRead MoreSteven Spielberg s Jaws And Jurassic Park984 Words   |  4 PagesSteven Spielberg is a director who has made many movies including Jaws (1975) and Jurassic Park (1993). Both Jaws and Jurassic Park show animals behaving in the way that nature intended them to behave. However, in Jaws the animal finds himself trapped in an unnatural environment, an inlet where humans swim. In Jurassic Park, animals that became extinct millions of years ago, dinosaurs, also find themselves in unnatural environment occupied by humans. I want to compare these two movi es because I

The Effects Of Violent Video Games On Human Behavior

Video Games are a form of media that continues to grow throughout society. As it grows and becomes fully adopted by adults and children alike, it seems as though a shroud of controversy follows suit. Many parents and those alike seem very afraid or reluctant to let their children play video games in today’s age. They fear for the long term affects such games might have on their children or even the short term effects. Many people see a correlation between aggressive behavior, violent moods, and bullying, when violent video games are in the equation. It seems as though it’s popular in today’s media to try and find a scapegoat or a specific target to point the finger and say, â€Å"it’s their fault!† video games have become that target. The following four literature reviews will explore research conducted on the effects of violent video games on human behavior, and try to reveal more light on the controversial topic. In a research article done by Christopher J. Ferguson, Cheryl K. Olson, Lawrence A. Kutner and Dorothy E. titled Crime Delinquency it’s stated that â€Å"Put simply, many measures used in video game studies claiming to represent â€Å"aggression† in fact do not correlate well with actual real-life aggressive acts† meaning, most studies that suggest playing video games and aggression are linked aren’t properly measured, which leaves room for invalid information (p. 766). The research article goes on to provide a diagram that shows while video game sales increased over a periodShow MoreRelatedDo Video Games Inspire Violent Behavior?1713 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding the effects of violent video games and the development of today’s youth. Many people believe that the violence in video games promotes aggression. According to Doctor Brad Bushman’s article, Do Violent Video Games Increase Aggression? he claims that violent video games leads to a ggression because it is interactive process that teaches and rewards violent behavior. Yet others believe that this not the case. Gregg Toppo of the Scientific American, writes in his article, â€Å"Do Video Games InspireRead MoreVideo Game Violence And Its Effects On Gamers1205 Words   |  5 PagesVideo Game Violence and its effects on Gamers In recent years there has been a significant increase of shooting incidents, specifically in America. When there is a shooting event the media is quick to question if the suspect had a history of playing violent video games. There is already the initial connection between video game violence and aggression; but is this connection scientifically correct? This topic interests me because of the increase in school shootings and violence. I have personallyRead MorePositive Effects Of Violent Video Games1161 Words   |  5 PagesViolent video games have been a popular pass time for American teenagers ever since the first ones were released. The most popular of these games are Grand Theft Auto, Call of Duty, Mortal Kombat, and Doom. It has become a popular belief that these games are directly linked to violent behaviors in our youth. Numerous scholars have set out to determine the validity of these assumptions through vast surveys and studies in America. All of these scholars share the belief that violent video gamesRead MoreViolent Behavior : The Contributors1706 Words   |  7 PagesTriggering Violent Behavior: the Contributors Violence can be everywhere but what may actually trigger violent behaviors is difficult to figure out. Many believe violent behavior is triggered by a certain outcome. Although this may be true, violent behavior can be triggered by a combination of factors. Media, Chemicals, and even society are all known as factors that can influence one to become violent. Forms of violent behavior include aggression, aggravation, and/or frustration. Aggression isRead MoreAdolescent Aggression Based on Violent Videogames1645 Words   |  7 PagesAggression Based on Violent Videogames Violent video games played by millions of people every day results in animated characters having hearts ripped out, heads decapitated, and blood squirting across the screen as their mutilated bodies are erased from the screen. Most players play these games to pass the time, increase hand eye coordination, and create harmless competitions amongst those playing. However, some who play these games are entranced by the violent aggressive behaviors demonstratedRead MoreAlbert Bandura Social Learning Theory1060 Words   |  5 Pagesviolence,  and  anti-social behaviors have caused society to point their finger at video games. Video game reformists claim that video game violence causes aggressive behavior which result in violent acts. The best way to approach society’s claim is with Albert Bandura’s cognitive-behavioral â€Å"Modeling† approach. This research shows that although video game violence may condone aggressive behavior,  it is not  the only factor triggering individuals to act aggressively or perform violent acts.   The â€Å"Modeling†Read More Violent Video Games and The Human Psyche Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The effects of violent video game exposure, both positive and negative, on various behaviors are still highly contested within academia and the general public† (p. 608). Violence in video games is often wrongfully perused as a topic of extreme criticism pertaining to an individual’s act of violence in today society. Examples of such would include the shooting that occurred in April 2007 at Virginia Technical College; where Jack Thompson and Philip McGraw asserted that violent video games were theRead MoreThe True Cause Of Violent Behaviors1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Cause of Violent Behaviors in Today s Society There are volumes of media that are starting to harm the world in which we live. They have been linked to fourteen mass murders (Fletcher). Nine out of the top ten selling games have been labeled as violent and 42% of adolescents play them (â€Å"Children and Video Games†). These violent video games are a major problem in the United States and across the globe. Violent video games have a direct correlation with negative behaviors because they increaseRead MoreGame over: the Effects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesGame Over: The effects of Violent Video Games on Children Seven hours. That is the amount of hours a day the average American child plays a video games (Anderson 354), and with technology advancing and games becoming more graphic, the concern over a violent game’s effect over a child’s development is growing. What does playing video games for seven hours do to a child’s development? Violent, role-playing video games adversely affects a child’s development and causes aggression in children and adolescents;Read MoreThis Article Provides A Brief Overview Of Existing Research1248 Words   |  5 Pagesoverview of existing research on the effects of exposure to violent video games. An updated meta-analysis reveals that exposure to violent video games is significantly linked to increases in aggressive behavior, cognition, affect, and cardiovascular arousal, and to decreases in helping behavior. Experimental studies reveal the linkage is causal. Correlational studies reveal a links to serious, real types of violence. Me thodologically weaker studies yielded smaller effect sizes than methodologically stronger

Taxation - Theory and Practice and Law

Question: Discuss about the Taxation, Theory and Practice and Law. Answer: The government of Australia uses income tax as one of its primary method of earning it revenues. In particular, the government imposes three kinds of income tax. Namely, there is a tax from individuals salaries and wages, income tax from business, plus tax from capital gains (Reinhardt and Steel1, 2006). This paper will study analyze the case where a citizen works outside Australia, but his family resides within Australian. From the study, the paper will be able to determine whether the citizen is supposed to pay his tax to the Australian government or not. The first question here is deciding where specifically Kit residence is. Of course, before any government imposes tax liabilities to someone, it has to be determining whether the person resides in such country or not. If not that, it has to assess the source of your income (Clark and Miller, 2000). Even though, to some extent, the way the Australian government carries out its tax regulations seems different from other countries. In analyzing their residency for tax, you may find that someone is not its resident due to immigration demands, but when it comes to tax liabilities, the government includes that person as a resident, and therefore the person is charged the income tax (CCH Editors, 2009). With that, it would be necessary for this paper to determine the kit residence. In determining someones residence and citizenship, Australia adopts the use of nationality test. The objective of this test as centered in helping migrants to integrate and also maximize their opportunities (Bacc hi, 2009). For participation in this test, an applicant would be required to be permanently residing in Australia. Also, a person needs to present the identity confirmation at the time of enrollment. Plus, the department would take require a photo from someone (Braithwaite, 2009). The law of taxation in Australian covers all the details in determining whether an individual is an Australian resident or not so as to impose tax duties. In our concerned case, Kit is a permanent resident in Australia only that he spends most of his time outside Australia, and that is just because of his job's demands. If someone stays outside Australia in the most of the year, such a person would be considered a non-resident as far as tax duties are concerned (IBP, Inc., 2015). Even though, Kit case is different. He is working in Indonesia, but he signed the contract in Australia. In (Vrellis, 2011), the work states that a contract is governed in the country where it was finalized. So it means that Kit's contract was concluded with the laws of Australia. So that part alone gives a presumption that Kit would want his family to live in Australia. The next presumption of Kits residence in Australia is his Bank Account. Kits Bank Account is in Australia, and its the same bank where his salary is credited. In short, the taxation law can conclude that Kit is conducting some economic liveliness in Australia, and in doing that he has an Australian residence. Thus, this piece of information again favors Australian Residency for tax purposes. Another thing, during work-offs and holidays, were are told that Kit finds the time to come and be with his family. This fact can also be used to imply that he wants to stay in Australia. To clarify on that, citizenship is available to any applicant with an intention to reside in Australia if he or she visits Australia regularly. Having this and the fact that his family is in Australia, it also give a presumption that he is an Australian resident. So, from the information given, it's worth concluding that Kit is an Australian residence. Even though he doesn't spend much of his time in Australian, he his investments is not within Australian, his conducts portray an intention to remain in Australia. Now that he is an Australian Resident, he is eligible to pay his income tax and other taxes as stipulated by the law of Australia. For example, in (Fisher, 2012) the work states that the house owner submits charges of fire service levy to the government. Similarly, Kit has to pay for these. At the same time, the government won't charge him any tax on the income that he receives as dividends from those countries mentioned to his dual citizenship (Ashby et al. 2009). Accordingly, Kit would not need to pay any tax from the money he receives from Chile as a dividend. Additionally, in the concern for the income that he is earning from his investment in Chile, that one would be treated as income coming from foreign investments. Therefore, that would be taxed accordingly. If he wants, he can raise a claim over his foreign assets tax offsets. However, this would only apply if he has applicable offsets. Furthermore, he would have to present his capital gains or losses that he faces from his sales. So they would all appear in the tax returns and would be taxed as other regular Australian Resident. The question in the law concerning this case was whether taxation should extend to the profits the taxpayer earned from the disposition of land. The taxpayer had bought this land for mining, but he decided to sell it due to lack of capital to carry out the mining and hence he started disposing of the land. The taxpayer gained some profit from the sale, and it claimed that the government should not assess such income for the purpose of the tax. However, the court held that such profit should be evaluated for taxation (Taxation Of Gains From Banking and Insurance Businesses In New Zealand, 2017). Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The Taxpayer acquired had acquired for coal mining. The business worked until 1924 when the coal exhausted from the ground. As a result, the taxpayer partitioned the land, constructed roads, and buildings incorporating railway stations with the plan of selling the property at a profit. When it came to payments of tax demands, the taxpayer contested what the commissioner argued that the profit earned from the subdivision should be included as assessable income (Gaal, 2010). It argued that the business operations were not in line with their actual business. They were undertaking such action to only dispose of their assets which were not helpful to their business. To their side, the court ruled that the profit was not assessable for taxation purposes. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR Initially, the taxpayer had acquired the land for domestic use and for the fishermen who had their shares in the company. Later on, three construction companies bought the fishermen's shares. They all adopted the article of association of the company, but they had an intention to develop and partition land for sale. When it came to tax payment, the Taxpayer contested that their profit shouldnt be taxed as income. However, the court dismissed their claim and concluded that the tax papers dealing didnt constitute a separate dealing from their overall business operations (CCH Australia Ltd, 2011). In this case, the taxpayers held the land in trust for the estate of Charles Aderman. The deceased had obtained the land with the intention of carrying out desultory farming. Later on, the deceased sold half of the shares to his brother-in-law. Both decided to undertake cattle farming in a partnership business. However, the whole plan failed due to the adverse market situation and the proprietor's health (Morse Group Accountants Advisors, n.d.). So with that, the co-owners opted to subdivide the land and sell it. The council of the co-owners procured the subdivisions, and the co-owners presented a bond to the Council through a bank guarantee. They both sold the plots, and they earned a sizable profit the deal. The Taxpayer disputed that the dealing with that land should be taxed, and they argued that they were merely trying to dispose of their capital asset. To their favor, the court ruled that they were not supposed to submit their tax payments from the sale. The Taxpayer purchased the land for farming business. He carried out the farming work for some time but afterward, he found that the property would not be as profitable as it was expected due to severe drought, poor health, etc (Cooper Grace Ward, 2015). So he partitioned the land and disposed of it in 8 different blocks. The Taxpayer objected to pay the tax since profit was earnings from a capital asset. The Court accepted his appeal; it ruled that he should not pay the tax from the partitioned plots. The court reasoned that he had not acquired the land with the intention of subdividing for sale, only that he found that the farming was not as profitable as he thought. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The memorandum stated that the taxpayer's objective was to carry out business in selling the sand that was on the property. Additionally, their intention indicated that they planned to also sell the land after harvesting the sand. So the Taxpayer subdivided the land after exhausting the sand and then sold it at a profit (Prince, 2011). The Taxpayer argued that it wasn't their actual business of selling land, so they should not remit tax as required by the law. However, the court objected to their claim. About this case, Taxpayer bought agricultural land. He subdivided it and sold for a profit. He contended that the profit earned was not supposed to be a tax. However, the court declined his claim and ruled that he was expected to pay tax. It seemed to the court that he was buying and subdividing the land, and then selling it at a profit (Smith, 2003). The Taxpayers bought the land and cleared all the old houses, and then replaced them with three townhouses. Ahead of completion, he decided to search for buyers but he didn't get them (Austaxpbr.com.au, 2017). Later he started living in the houses while searching for buyers. Finally, the buyers came, and he sold the property making a profit. He then contended that he be exempted from tax obligations which the court dismissed. Conclusion If you're new to Australia intending to live there permanently, it would be good to understand that you'll be an Australian resident for tax purposes (Hill and McCune, 2007). Similarly, if you're an entrepreneur, it is also worth knowing whether a particular scheme is a little realization or you'll be required to remit your income tax. All this would be necessary to avoid huge penalties that can be imposed by the law. References Reinhardt, S. and Steel1 L. (2006). A brief history of Australias tax system. Clark, B. and Miller, L. (2000). Taxation and sport in Australia. 2nd ed. Leichhardt, N.S.W.: Federation Press, p.6. CCH Editors (2009). Australian income tax legislation 2009. 1st ed. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia, p.1654. Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing Policy. 1st ed. Pearson Higher Education AU, p.171. Braithwaite, V.A. (2009). Defiance in taxation and governance: Resisting and dismissing authority in a democracy. Edward Elgar Publishing. Vrellis, S. (2011). Private international law in Greece. 1st ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer law international, p.75. Fisher, R.C. ed. (2012).Intergovernmental fiscal relations(Vol. 56). Springer Science Business Media. Ashby, J.S., Webley, P. and Haslam, A.S. (2009). The role of occupational taxpaying cultures in taxpaying behaviour and attitudes. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), pp.216-227. Taxation Of Gains From Banking and Insurance Businesses In New Zealand. (2017). Revenue Law Journal, 20(1). Gaal, J. (2010). Tax agents manual. 1st ed. Sydney: CCH Australia, p.141. CCH Australia, Ltd (2011). 1st ed. CCH Australia, Limited, p.734. (Morse Group Accountants Advisors (n.d.). Selling The Farm Piecemeal The Tax Issues. Cooper Grace Ward (2015). Tax and GST issues with small property developments. Brisbane; Au. Prince, J. (2011). Property Taxation. 1st ed. Milton: Wiley. Smith, A. (2003). Property Development Land and Property. WA Division. P 11 Austaxpbr.com.au. (2017). Austax. [online] Available at: https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_67178 [Accessed 22 Apr. 2017]. Hill, M. and McCune, L. (2007). The actors' handbook. 1st ed. Carlton, Vic.: Artists Technologies, p.379.

Gas Laws Essay free essay sample

Laws Gases exhibit many qualities that are very different from those of liquids or solids. Gases have particles that are farther apart when compared to liquids and solids. The particles in gases move at different speeds in random directions and they are constantly moving. These particles collide with each other and with whatever container or area they are in. Gases are also very easy to compress. They expand to fill their containers and they occupy far more space than the liquids and solids from which they form. An ideal gas follows all of the gas laws. The conditions that allow real gases to behave like ideal ones are high temperatures, low pressure, and weak intermolecular forces. Gases may be measured in newtons/square meter (N/m2), pascals (Pa), atmospheres (atm), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), torrs, and pounds per in2 (PSI). When these units are all equal, they end up being 1. 01 x 105 N/m2, 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Gas Laws Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 01 x 105 Pa, 1. 00 atm, 760. mmHg, 760. torr, and 14. 7 PSI. Gasses at STP, or standard conditions of pressure, are at 1 atm and 0 °C. Gases have certain law formulas that they tend to follow. For these formulas, P=pressure, V=volume, n=moles, and T=temperature. According to Boyle’s law, P1V1=P2V2, and any unit of pressure and volume may be used. This is successful because pressure and volume are inversely related, meaning as one goes up the other goes down, and vise versa. Charles’s law states that V1/T1=V2/T2, where volume may be in any unit but temperature must be in Kelvin (K). Charles’s law works because volume and pressure vary directly, meaning as one goes up or down the other does as well. Gay-Lussac’s law says that P1/T1=P2/T2. This law is applicable because pressure and temperature are directly related as well. Avagadro’s law tells us that n1/V1=n2/V2, and when using this law you may have to go from number of particles or grams to moles. This also works because moles and volume vary directly. As stated in the combined gas law, P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2. The ideal gas law reports that PV=nRT, where P is measure in atmospheres (atm), V in Liters (L), T in Kelvin (K), and R being the universal gas constant, or . 0821 Lxatm/molK. Graham’s law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. Graham’s Law of effusion, v2/v1=vFm1/vFm2, where Fm is the formula mass and v is the velocity (rate). Daltons law of partial pressures states that  the total  pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases. The formula for this is PT=P1+P2+P3†¦+Pn. While gases have many laws with corresponding formulas, these may be easily applied in real life situations. Charles law states  that if the temperature of a gas increases, then the volume increases. So for example, imagine a balloon filled with  helium  on a cold winter day. While you are indoors, the balloon is normal. As you step outside the balloon begins to shrivel up. This happens because of the temperature of the helium in the balloon deceases and becomes less dense, because the helium particles lose energy and become more concentrated, decreasing the volume. But when you put the balloon in a warm area, it goes back to its original size. Another example would be a popgun. It follows Boyle’s law that states volume and pressure are inversely related. When the volume decreases, the pressure increases and eventually the tube cant hold the pressure anymore and the cork pops off. In the end, by following the gas laws and properties, we are able to figure out gases.